Age: 25
Height: 5 feet 7 inches
Measurements: 34 inches – 26 inches – 37 inches
Occupation/Education: Local Youth Development Officer
My childhood was awesome! Despite growing up without a father from age 8 onward, following his tragic loss, my mother ensured that we had a happy and normal upbringing as possible. My peers and I engaged in old-fashioned forms of childhood play, where we would climb trees, run free through fields, fish along the river, and fly kites on windy afternoons.
Childhood was a fun and stimulating period of my life, where I had the freedom to explore so many wondrous things and uncover answers for my ever curious mind. Playing outside was not just about entertaining myself, it was also a means to venture into a wider world filled with nearly limitless opportunities for learning and discovery. Having a responsible and hands-on mother, I was taught from a young age how to effectively balance study and play. As a result, I was able to consistently maintain being an honor student throughout school while also making the most of those joyful, carefree days of childhood.
To this day, I fondly reminisce about those times, which still bring about euphoric feelings of pure happiness and bliss within me whenever I revisit them.
The challenge of solid waste management is considered to be one of the most serious environmental issues here in the Philippines. With a population of over 100 million, our country produces more than 21 million metric tons of garbage annually – a figure which will only keep increasing at an alarming rate if not properly addressed.
Casiguran, Aurora: Leahrly Curitana
Age: 23
Height: 5 feet 4.5 inches
Measurements: 33 inches – 24 inches – 36 inches
Occupation/Education: Fine Arts-Painting Student
Height: 5 feet 5 inches
Measurements: 32.5 inches – 25 inches – 37 inches
Occupation/Education: Psychology Student
Growing up as a child, I was always the little mysterious pretty girl in the corner. I was extremely shy and reserved. I am usually not the first to approach or initiate a conversation, but once they get to know me, they say I am surprisingly bubbly and easy going. I have always been interested in art and the art of performing, both my mom and dad introduced me to both which is why today my interests are still in line with art making and performing in front of people.
Art for a Cause: An impactful way to protect biodiversity and promote sustainability. My advocacy explores the nature of art, and uses it as a tool to bring light to the world. This extends support to the environment wherein art is the way to protect biodiversity and promote sustainability through different artistic means and practices.
Dasmariñas City: Naoimi Henave
Age: 23
Height: 5 feet 4.5 inches
Measurements: 33 inches – 24 inches – 36 inches
Occupation/Education: Fine Arts-Painting StudentAge: 22
I was never brought up to be a spoiled brat or dependent on my family because I am an only child. I was raised to be self-sufficient and to work for myself. Despite my somewhat rigid upbringing, I was nonetheless able to enjoy my childhood. One of the rules I was subjected to as a child was that I was forbidden to leave the house until all of my tasks were done, strictly upholding the elders’ respect. Our monthly general cleaning is another thing I can recall. At that time, I found it to be entertaining and yet tiresome. But looking back, it was one of our bonding experiences. I should add that spending practically my whole childhood with my grandparents taught me the value of cleanliness. Although I was raised by parents who were primarily introverted, I was taught how to interact with others and make friends.
My advocacy focuses on educating others about the strong link between nature and mental health and how we should protect it. In times of stress, we strive to escape the chaos and find solace in nature. We visit forests to think, seek clarity while experiencing the chilly sea, or enjoy solitude beneath the mystical falls. But how can we attain all of these when we continue to bring harm to nature? Keep in mind that even small actions can have a tremendous impact.
Dipolog: KC Falcasantos
Age: 21
Height: 5 feet 5 inches
Measurements: 32 inches – 25 inches – 36 inches
Occupation/Education: Dentistry Student
I am the youngest of three girls. We had a lot of fun playing, we watched cartoons and drew our favorite characters together. My eldest sister is the smartest of us all and is now a doctor, and my second eldest sister is an artist, she started drawing from a very young age, consistently won competitions, and now working for a Singapore-based Company. One might assume that those sound like a lot of expectations on me, but my parents never pressured me. They allowed me to grow and bloom on my own pace. Out of their three daughters, I was the happy-go-lucky child. While my sisters were pressuring themselves to maintain their academic and extracurricular activities, I was busy cutting my own bangs. During my early childhood, I was a normal student, I preferred spending my time on playing dress up with my mom’s makeup and my sister’s gowns and heels. My tiny feet could barely fit her shoes but I still felt like a star.
My advocacy, ‘Own Less, Do More,’ encourages people to live sustainably by reducing their consumption of material possessions. I firmly believe that minimalism is a practical and attainable way of life that can significantly reduce our carbon footprint and help us live more meaningful lives. By owning less, we not only reduce stress on ourselves but also protect the environment. Through my participation in this pageant, I hope to inspire others to embrace minimalism and adopt a more sustainable lifestyle for a better future.
California, U.S.A: Nicolle Lagera
Age: 26
Height: 5 feet 5 inches
Measurements: 33 inches – 26.5 inches – 33 inches
Occupation/Education: Financial Wealth Planner
My childhood was a mix of laughter and tears. I matured faster than my peers because I took on responsibilities in the household but learned a lot through the process. I experienced a lot of love from my family especially from my lola. I also developed friendships that last up to this day which I am grateful for.
Advocacy: Green Cities. California is one of the states that is trying to implement the Green City Initiative and it would be great to implement this more strongly in the Philippines as well. Right now, Taguig City and Makati City are pursuing some green city initiatives by having more trees and biking transportation but if we could scale it on a larger level not only can we help the Philippines’ carbon footprint but we can also make the lives of Filipinos easier and healthier.
Florida, U.S.A: Josephine Ruhlman
Age: 23
Height: 5 feet 5 inches
Measurements: 36 inches – 30 inches – 36 inches
Occupation/Education: Hospitality Professional
8-10 years old: My family and I moved to Florida. This is when I fell in love with reading books. I was placed into the gifted program where 6 students and I had to learn mathematics and science at a more advanced level. I learned the hard way of why it is important to choose your friends wisely.
My environmental advocacy is to restore and cultivate the forests, grasslands, wetlands and watersheds so that we can preserve their beauty and ecosystems. By keeping these areas of land and water clean, we are protecting the biodiversity that call these habitats their home. Biodiversity is essential for maintaining a flourishing environment we rely on every day for food, oxygen and a planet to call home.
Melbourne, Australia: Sha’uri Livori
Age: 19
Height: 5 feet 5 inches
Measurements: 34 inches – 26 inches – 35 inches
Occupation/Education: Customer Service
My childhood was a ride, with it’s ups and downs like many others I can say the positives outweighed the negatives. I was always the nerdy kid. Bushy eyebrows, pupil enlarging glasses that made me have the appearance of a frog, and a wild personality. I was the fire that never extinguished. However, during primary school I found people didn’t like what I had, I was bullied. They would say my eyebrows were too close together, ..”you have a monobrow, you are ugly, shave your mustache… ,” and a lot more hurtful things. But having a strong personality developed from my love of music, and Taekwondo, I was persistent.
I would never wish for any person to have to wake up to a world that no longer contains the beauty of it’s flora and fauna. It is the thing that decorates the Earth and gives it a spark. However, because of the world’s ever-increasing production of waste (2.1 billion tones of it, expected to increase roughly by 70 percent to 3.4 billion metric tonnes by 2050), the Earth is losing the beauty of it’s natural environments. Animals suffering the full front of human waste, having their ecosystems polluted with dangerous objects that aren’t biodegradble, when then plauges the health of the world species.
Milan, Italy: Queenie Salac
Age: 20
Height: 5 feet 6 inches
Measurements: 31 inches – 23 inches – 36 inches
Occupation/Education: Entrepeneur
I remember that as a child I always went back and forth from Italy and the Philippines, I spent most of my childhood in my country of origin. I remember feeling free every day at the age of 5 when I went out to play in the wheat fields chasing dragonflies. I remember taking a shower in the rain. And I can say that in my childhood I explored everything I could. At the age of 8, I remained in Italy.
Educating young girls on contraceptives is crucial in reducing the increasing population in the Philippines. By empowering them with knowledge on safe and effective family planning methods, we can help them make informed decisions. This will not only benefit them but also contribute to the overall development and sustainability of our nation.
Iloilo City: Ma. Cristina Tallador
Age: 18
Height: 5 feet 9 inches
Measurements: 31 inches – 24 inches – 34.5 inches
Occupation/Education: High School Student
Growing up in a town where biodiversity is rich and how much its people value the importance of well-functioning ecosystems, I spent my entire childhood years exploring the wonders of nature. My parents would allow me to enjoy the sceneries and beaches that capture the beauty of Iloilo and the treasures it brings where the towering mountains meet the pristine waters of the seas. Through the intentional protection of forest and marine life that sustains the food security of the Ilonggos and the entire environment that breathes out the niche where the wildlife has set to thrive and progress for human development to prosper, I have lived in a paradise that Mother Earth has given us. Not until, it was heartbreaking to witness the cries of the Ilonggos when suddenly heavy rains flooded the streets, destroyed crops yet to be harvested, and caused the lives of many as an aftermath of super typhoons such as Yolanda and Frank. These were the darkest times of Iloilo when climate change’s havoc resulted in millions of properties being wiped out in just a blink of an eye.
Given the opportunity of becoming an ambassadress of environmental wellness, I envision Filipinos, especially the youth, to see themselves in me and encourage them to become functional citizens with a true love for Mother Earth. On the other hand, the ignorance of our responsibility as caretakers of nature and those self-centered policies cripple the intentions of the many to protect the environment which starts within one’s community.
Jones, Isabela: Jireh Calacala
Age: 27
Height: 5 feet 9.5 inches
Measurements: 33 inches – 25 inches – 37 inches
Occupation/Education: Revenue Officer
Growing up, I’ve been exposed to books that promote environmental causes which have made me aware of the importance of conserving the resources of the Earth. This awareness have led me to start protecting the Mother Earth at such a young age by picking up plastics beside our longest river, Cagayan River.
My advocacy, ‘Own Less, Do More,’ encourages people to live sustainably by reducing their consumption of material possessions. I firmly believe that minimalism is a practical and attainable way of life that can significantly reduce our carbon footprint and help us live more meaningful lives. By owning less, we not only reduce stress on ourselves but also protect the environment. Through my participation in this pageant, I hope to inspire others to embrace minimalism and adopt a more sustainable lifestyle for a better future.
Kalibo, Aklan: Rowan No
Age: 21
Height: 5 feet 7 inches
Measurements: 32 inches – 25 inches – 33 inches
Occupation/Education: Tourism Management Student
When I was young, I used to enjoy going to the sea with my father to catch fish despite the fact that I can’t swim well. Moreover, I have also experienced going to the sea during storms and typhoons because this is the best time to catch fish. We frequently go fishing at two in the morning, collect the fish, and then help my mother sell them in the market.
My environmental advocacy is the preservation and conservation of marine coastal ecosystems because this campaign highlights the symbiosis between humans and nature for sustainability that will focus on preserving ecological integrity which will generate long-term and sustainable benefits for both the present and future generations. Aside from this, our main source of food and income is the environment because fishing is our main source of living and I belong to a family of fishermen and I am a fisherman myself. Having said that, I cannot risk losing a portion of what has turned into our home.
Laguindingan, Misamis Oriental: Mythosela Villanueva
Age: 25
Height: 5 feet 7 inches
Measurements: 35 inches – 24 inches – 35 inches
Occupation/Education: Unit Manager
My childhood was fun, memorable and full of learning. My family is sweet and supportive, always by my side during my ups and downs. They taught me to be a better person. We are just 4 in the family. We are all devoted to our church.
Community Building through environmental protection and conservation because I am challenged and at the same time, called to serve my fellow Filipinos to build community and empower green hands through a wide range of community campaigns. Grow-a-tree project and save-water movement are some of the basic steps. This heroic act gives so much joy to my heart knowing that I am not only doing things for my personal satisfaction but also to be of help to others, for it is in caring that we restore humanity, much more our mother nature.
Mabini, Batangas: Iris Mabanta
Age: 25
Height: 5 feet 7 inches
Measurements: 35.5 inches – 28 inches – 37 inches
Occupation/Education: Marine Science Student
I’ve always been at the top of my class while engaging in extra curricular activities, especially as a swimmer. I was even part of the varsity team. I learned to paint with my lola and attended classes together. I was also fortunate enough to grow up in a neighborhood where the kids were able to safely play out on the streets, so I was able to play Filipino games like, patintero, tumbang preso, etc. That was a really big part of my childhood.
One of the sustainable development goals (SDG) from the UN is SDG 14: Life Underwater. I advocate for the conservation and sustainable use of oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development. As an archipelagic country, we have an abundance of marine resources. However we are very much under utilizing them. Moving forward, we as a people need to invest in utilizing our god-given resources in a way that will benefit not only the local marine ecosystems, but also us. We hold great potential in our country’s biodiversity and as the center of the center of marine biodiversity there is much to be discovered.
Mangatarem, Pangasinan: Kerri Reilly
Age: 20
Height: 5 feet 7 inches
Measurements: 32 inches – 24 inches – 34 inches
Occupation/Education: Freelance Model
I was known as a very caring and competitive little girl. I love sports and always tried new things. I also always put people who need help before me. I celebrated my 10th birthday in a cancer hospital to help the children and the elderly. Additionally, I flew to tacloban at the age 12 to help the victims of typhoon Yolanda. I donate and sell my old cloths in order to reduce as much waste as possible and gave the proceeds to help the people there.
My advocacy is to educate the people and children in the importance of reducing, reusing and recycling. I want to educate how important it is and to make it a daily habit to help save Mother Earth.
Mariveles, Bataan: Joselle Gregorio
Pantukan, Davao de Oro: Athena Guardados
Age: 24
Height: 5 feet 6 inches
Measurements: 36 inches – 26 inches – 37 inches
Occupation/Education: Investor Relations Officer
My childhood was very fun. I said it was fun because at young age I was exposed to non-academic activities in elementary and because of that it made me such a strong person now. I’ve learned a lot of things from being a girl scout where you don’t have to be prim and proper but to be active or always there to help other people. Joining different sports where your agility, strength and strategy is being tested. Lastly, a responsible daughter and sister because I’ve taught myself that I have to be strong to my sisters so that no one can bully them and I’m just one call away whenever they needed my help and being responsible daughter to my parents to obey their advices and making them proud whatever achievement I have done. Those years made me the person who I am today and with those experiences I am so thankful.
For me, it’s No to Single Use Plastic. I chose this environmental advocacy because I have started this with myself to show self-discipline in order to encourage other people. Our environment has a significant role in our everyday lives since we mostly use our resources that surround us. In line with this, we have been using plastic in packing goods that are mostly distributed throughout the world. Imagine the amount of plastic if we’d combine every single plastic around the world. Single use plastic, by definition are a type of plastic that are disposed after usage. If we are considering the excessive use of single use plastic, we can actually start with ourselves. By this, we can start by bringing our own utensils whenever dining outside. Bringing eating utensils, reusable straws and own cups would actually be a big help. Also, when we are grocery shopping, we can actually bring our own eco-bag for the goods. There are a lot of ways to help if only we can properly discuss and implement these matters, actions always start from within.
Puerto Princesa: Jemimah Joy Zabala
Age: 26
Height: 5 feet 4 inches
Measurements: 32 inches – 26 inches – 36 inches
Occupation/Education: Administrative Officer
Growing up in a Christian household, I developed a sense of reverence for God at a young age. Earlier on, I was led to the knowledge and understanding of God’s love. From this place, I have learned to receive love and to let it overflow to others. This grew even more as we were often brought and exposed by our parents to outreaches and rural communities. They brought us with them as they served others, and we mingled with farmers, natives, and people from all walks of life. However, I frequently had the impression that some adults thought we were just kids and we shouldn’t be there. Others probably assumed we were there without conscious engagement or as if we weren’t paying attention. Some may have thought that maybe our parents just had no choice. But it was through those engagements that I learned the essential values in life. I’m sure it had not been easy for them, but I am truly grateful that they made an effort to always take us along. They allowed us to see the realities of life. They got us involved. Unknowingly, these experiences formed in me a heart for service and a genuine passion to support causes He has put in my heart.
While my advocacy focuses on giving children the opportunity to take part in the protection and preservation of our natural resources, with the number of people visiting our City, I also want to accord the same opportunity to our tourists by taking part in the same engagement. Launching a program such as “One Seed, One Visit” is a timely, collaborative, and relevant engagement. For every visit, one seed is given to the tourists. Then, they will be given a chance to plant that seed along their trip on any designated planting sites in the city. By incorporating an option for an environmental conservation activity in our tour packages, we give them the opportunity to join us in this cause and leave a mark in our home.
San Jose City: Princes Lazaga
Age: 20
Height: 5 feet 7 inches
Measurements: 32 inches – 25 inches – 34 inches
Occupation/Education: Tourism Management Student
As far as I can remember, my childhood during those times were happy and very easy but that’s also the time where I started to get bullied by the other people because of how I look. Everything was so peaceful, the world before was happy, and my parents weren’t that stressed when it comes to providing our needs. Now that I’ve become an adult, I finally understand what life really is.
My advocacy is all about sustainable farming which focuses on more organic ways to grow and harvest a crop. Environmental issues are all-encompassing. It does not only involve wastes, it does not only entail recycling. It’s not only about clean air or clean water. The Earth itself is our greatest food provider. To help Mother Earth, we should practice sustainable and environment-friendly living, which can begin with sustainable and eco-friendly farming.
San Pascual, Batangas: Jeica Czaverika Dimatatac
Age: 23
Height: 5 feet 5 inches
Measurements: 33 inches – 27 inches – 34 inches
Occupation/Education: Barista
I am really thankful for my parents because they saw my potential, my talent, my love for music. So they enrolled me in singing and dancing workshops. I had my best childhood because of them so I wouldn’t be able to be here or to get this far if it wasn’t for them.
The implementation and promotion of the 5R’s
(Refuse. Reduce. Reuse. Repurpose. Recycle)
We get countless benefits from our environment, and as a youth of today’s generation I want to contribute in promoting inter generational equity to promote sustainable consumption and production.
Silang, Cavite: Shaina Nazario
Age: 23
Height: 5 feet 5 inches
Measurements: 32 inches – 24 inches – 34 inches
Occupation/Education: Executive Assistant
Since I was a child, I’ve been raised in a broken family. I grew up thinking that was the norm. But in spite of that, I never felt incomplete in any way as my family made sure that I always feel loved and supported in their own ways. I had a deeper understanding and always had a positive outlook towards life even as a child and it shaped me in becoming who I am today. I grew up as this shy, introvert kid, I never liked being in front of many people. I didn’t have that much friends because I got used to just play with my cousins at home. That’s why people considered me as a black swan as they never expected me to do modelling or join any kind of beauty pageant. Now I am the exact opposite of how I was when I was a kid. I’m now ready to try new things and face new beginnings.
I advocate for sustainable living. It’s about being mindful of the things we have been doing mindlessly for so long, changing the way we do things and creating a significant impact on our planet earth. Minimalism and sustainable living go hand in hand. As I’ve shifted to a minimalist lifestyle, I’ve become more connected to the earth. I believe that sustainable living is achievable, and it’s through education and awareness that people will gain this type of knowledge. So that we can play a more positive role in the Earth’s cycle of life.
Siniloan, Laguna: Yllana Marie Aduana
Age: 24
Height: 5 feet 7 inches
Measurements: 33 inches – 23 inches – 36 inches
Occupation/Education: Model and Actress
I had a very amazing and enriching childhood spending time travelling back and forth Manila and Laguna. I studied in Manila but spent most of my weekends and summers in my province so I grew up adapting to both Rural and Urban environment and their cultures. Growing up, I always had the best summertime soaking in the sun and playing in our ricefields and paddies in Siniloan, Laguna called ‘Sinarol’. Also, in our yard, we had 2 very tall coconut trees and 4 palm trees. And fun fact, there’s this 1 coconut tree that I named “Coco” and the story behind that is; there was this one time that I was left alone in the house and I was crying and no one was there to listen to me but when I stared out the window and saw that tree, I felt like Coco was the instrument of God & nature to have someone listen to me at that moment. Even as a child, I really had a deep connection with nature and that is also why I decided to practice the Zero Waste and a Sustainable Lifestyle as my simple way to prevent the ecological collapse from happening.
My advocacy is called E.A.R.T.H. Education. Where E.A.R.T.H. stands for Environmental Awareness&Action to Restore and Transcend Home through Education. As an ardent advocate of education and the environment,I am firm to the fact that education is the solution to any problem there is on this planet. That’s why through my non- profit organization called Edukasyon for Every Juan, I will use it as my medium to help in the fight of climate change by organizing seminars and colloquims and educate people on climate reality. One specific approach to do that is through the framework I like to call, the POSITIVE BELEAF framework where P.O.S.I.T.I.V.E. stands for all the positive things we can do to be eco-friendlier and when performed, it will result to B.E.L.E.A.F. which stands for a set of positive outcome towards a greener planet.
Taguig: Cea de Jesus
Toledo City: Athena Auxillo
Age: 20
Height: 5 feet 7 inches
Measurements: 33 inches – 26 inches – 34 inches
Occupation/Education: Psychology Student
I was told by my mother that, I have always had this angelic face growing up, but my personality and actions are completely the opposite of it. I was an energetic and adventurous kid who isn’t afraid of anything, other than spiders. I was willing to dive into a pool that is so deep even though I didn’t know how to swim. I was willing to try zip line without any fear of heights or falling. I even taught myself how to ride a bike, even though that caused me to have a lot of bruises. I was never a “girly girl” growing up, in fact my friends are all guys, I always play with my guy friends after class because I didn’t like playing with the girls because they were too feminine for me. It’s actually funny to look back to today, even my mom is as shocked as everyone else about how much my life has shifted to becoming this empowered woman that I am today.
One of the things I have always wanted to do is to introduce the on going project of a famous American youtuber about planting trees. The name of their project is called “Team Trees” this is an organization that allows people to donate one dollar or that is equivalent to planting a lot of trees, not only are they using the money to help other people but also helping heal the environment around the world. I love their idea but I would make some changes a bit for it to be possible in my own capabilities. I chose this kind of environmental advocacy because Toledo city has a famous mining industry called Carmen Copper Corporation, not only did this company teach my previous school the importance of planting trees, they also let us experience planting trees to revive the mountains with no trees on site. A tree might mean nothing to some of us, but it actually has a huge impact to our community, not only does it give us shade but it also avoids natural calamities like landslides and it can increase resilience of our ecosystem and help minimize climate change effects.
Tuburan, Cebu: Jamie Angelique Armada
Age: 20
Height: 5 feet 4 inches
Measurements: 32 inches – 25 inches – 36 inches
Occupation/Education: Civil Engineering Student
Growing up, I truly am a very simple and conservative type of lady. I grew up on my second home (my alma mater) and have been studying for 12 years or so. I have instilled and have lived the core values that they have taught us and I have been bringing this until today. I was called the speaker of the house since I was very talkative and was also compared to a microphone because of how huge my voice is. I grew up surrounded by lots of amazing and talented people who taught me to know what my real talents are. I have gained a lot of knowledge on the different organizations that I entered and joined which honed my skills and shaped me to become a better version of myself. Without the experiences and different challenges that I encountered; I wouldn’t be where I am today.
My environmental advocacy connects with the Sustainable Development Goal # 6 which is Clean Water and Sanitation. Back in the place that I am representing which is Tuburan, its name is from the word “Tubod” which means spring. Tuburan is known for their crystal-clear springs, beaches, lakes, rivers, and the like which I believe every person should preserve and conserve. My goal of this advocacy is to help promote SDG # 6: Clean Water and Sanitation through appearances, volunteering and speaking engagements as we preserve, conserve, and remind everyone about their social responsibility. In this way, we could voice out to a lot of nations that could make our waterways and water usage a safe enough to drink from and be used by everyone else.
Tungawan, Zamboanga Sibugay: Queenzel Daryl Alacio
Zamboanga City: Fermizulli Silal
Age: 23
Height: 5 feet 7 inches
Measurements: 34 inches – 26 inches – 38 inches
Occupation/Education: Respiratory Therapy Student
I had been in survival mode since birth. I grew up in an incomplete family, faced too many challenges, and lost my youngest sister to a rare illness. I almost died in third grade due to stage three dengue, asthma, and typhoid fever. My biological father was involved in an accident that left him blind in one eye and ended up giving him a 50/50 chance of survival. During my high school years, the Zamboanga Siege took many innocent lives, and we were among the fortunate ones who survived the war and are still alive today. I’ve always been surrounded by unjust people; in school, the acknowledgements meant for me were always given to others; as a matter of fact, I never complained. I grew up fearless and self-sufficient. I learned the hard way about life. There was never a time in my life when I was able to accomplish something easily; it was always difficult; as they say, I was in constant battle. However, I never regret anything that happened because without them, I would be a fragile and powerless person. I genuinely think that whatever happened to me happened for a reason. We often say that life is unfair, but I believe that the only “fair” thing in this world is that we are all experiencing “unfair” things.
